Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Notes: Food items: vegetables (refresh vegetables), fruit (refresh fruit and strawberry/blueberry), dairy (milk, milk powder and yogurt), beans (Tofu, Tofu skin, soybean and dried beans), whole grains (millet/sorghum/corn), meat (pork, beef/mutton, poultry, visceral and aquatic product), fat (vegetable oil and animal oil), sodium (salt) and beverage (juice and other sweetened beverages). Values are the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reactive protein; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.
^aDASH score range for men: quintile 1 (11–24), quintile 2 (25–26), quintle 3 (27–28), quintile 4 (29–31) and quantile 5 (32–45); DASH score range for women: quintile 1 (11–23), quintile 2 (24–26), quintle 3 (27–28), quintile 4 (29–31) and quantile 5 (32–46).

Notes: Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex and energy. Model 2: Further adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, education and smoking status. Model 3: Further adjusted for fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein and alanine aminotransferase.
Abbreviations: DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
^aOdds ratios (95% confidence interval).

Note: Adjusted for age, sex, energy, BMI, physical activity, education, smoking status, FBG, TG, blood pressure, HDL-c, LDL-c, CRP and ALT except for stratified factors for each model.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CRP, C reactive protein; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio.

Notes: Data are presented as odds ratios (95% confidence interval). Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex and energy. Model 2: Further adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, education and smoking status. Model 3: Further adjusted for fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein and alanine aminotransferase.
Abbreviations: DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Authors and Disclosures

Yuanyuan Sun¹, Shuohua Chen², Xinyu Zhao¹, Yanhong Wang¹, Yanqi Lan¹, Xiaozhong Jiang³, Xiang Gao⁴, Shouling Wu² and Li Wang<sup>1

1</sup>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China
²Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
³Department of Gastroenterology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
⁴Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Correspondence
Li Wang, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China. Email: liwang@ibms.pumc.edu.cn
Shouling Wu, Department of cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan 063000, China. Email: drwusl@163.com

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author Contributions
Li Wang designed the study. Shuohua Chen, Xiaozhong Jiang and Shouling Wu collected the data. Yuanyuan Sun processed the data and performed the statistical analysis. Yuanyuan Sun, Yanhong Wang, Xinyu Xhao and Yanqi Lan, Xiang Gao interpreted the data. Yuanyuan Sun drafted the manuscript. Li Wang, Shouling Wu and Xiang Gao revised the manuscript critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Lay Summary

In this cohort-based case-control study, we found that dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet had beneficial effects for preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, especially for women and people with overweight/obesity and a high CRP level.