Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
Background: In 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration detected above-regulation levels of the human carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in ranitidine, resulting in a complete removal of the medication from the market. NDMA is known to cause gastrointestinal malignancies in animal models.
Aim: To determine if patients who were receiving ranitidine have a higher risk of developing cancers of the digestive tract compared to patients taking other anti-reflux medications.
Methods: Using the nationwide database IBM Explorys, patients taking ranitidine were compared to patients on either famotidine or omeprazole. Incidence data of new malignancies of the oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and colon/rectum were obtained in 1-year intervals for up to 10 years. Two multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs), one adjusting for common risk factors for each cancer studied, and the other for demographic factors.
Results: Patients on ranitidine who were compared to patients on famotidine had ORs of 0.51(95% CI 0.43–0.60), 0.43(95% CI 0.36–0.51), 0.39(95% CI 0.36–0.41), 0.54(95% CI 0.49–0.62), and 0.46(95% CI 0.43–0.49) of developing oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, respectively (P< 0.001). Patients on ranitidine compared to omeprazole had ORs of 0.62(95% CI 0.52–0.72), 0.58(95% CI 0.49–0.68), 0.81 (95% CI 0.76–0.86), 0.68(95% CI 0.60–0.76), and 0.66(95% CI 0.62–0.70) of developing oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers respectively (
