Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle mass associated with aging,[1] is present in more than 30% of elderly persons[2] and observed worldwide.[3] Not surprisingly, a greater prevalence of sarcopenia is noted in patients residing in nursing homes. Although sarcopenia is common in elderly patients, the condition can develop in patients who have chronic disorders, malignancies, limited physical activity, and poor nutrition.
Patients with sarcopenia develop physical frailty resulting in muscle deconditioning, muscle weakness,[4] reduced muscle strength and muscle function, and slow gait speed,[5] which increase the risk for physical disability and falls. Sarcopenia also defines the cellular processes associated with inflammatory, hormonal, and mitochondrial changes in muscle that produce the loss of muscle mass, function, and strength.[6]
A systemic review of elderly patients with sarcopenia demonstrated an increased risk for morbidity and mortality and increased readmission rates following hospitalization. Sarcopenia, however, does not appear to be a risk factor for initial hospitalization.[7]
A healthier diet in elderly patients may improve muscle performance and lower the risk of developing sarcopenia.[8]
Primary vs Secondary Sarcopenia
While primary sarcopenia, or age-related sarcopenia, is associated with the aging process, secondary sarcopenia can develop as a result of poor dietary intake, malnutrition, and chronic disease.
